Digitize File for Embroidery: Your Complete Step-by-Step Guide

1. Introduction

machine embroidery digitizing is the essential bridge between creative designs and the mesmerizing stitches that bring them to life. Whether you’re a studio owner, a passionate hobbyist, or just curious about how digital art becomes thread and texture, understanding digitizing is your first step to mastering modern embroidery. This guide will walk you through everything you need to know: from the basics of converting artwork into machine-ready files, to the best software options for every budget, and hands-on techniques for achieving crisp, professional results. We’ll also cover troubleshooting tips and share resources for beginners, ensuring you have a clear path from inspiration to beautifully stitched creations. Ready to unlock the full potential of your embroidery machine? Let’s dive in.

Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Step-by-Step Guide to Digitizing Embroidery Files
• 3. Top Software Tools for Embroidery Digitizing
• 4. Best Practices for High-Quality Embroidery
• 5. Budget-Friendly Digitizing Solutions
• 6. Beginner Resources for Getting Started
• 7. Troubleshooting Common Digitizing Issues
• 8. Conclusion
• 9. FAQ

2. Step-by-Step Guide to Digitizing Embroidery Files

Digitizing embroidery files might seem daunting, but with the right approach, it’s a creative and rewarding process. Let’s break it down into clear, actionable steps—think of it as building a house: you need a solid foundation, careful planning, and a few finishing touches to make your design shine.

2.1 Understanding Embroidery Digitization Basics

Embroidery digitization is the process of converting artwork—such as a logo, illustration, or text—into a digital file that embroidery machines can interpret and stitch. Imagine it as creating a “Google Maps” for your embroidery machine: the file tells the machine exactly where to go, what path to take, and which colors to use.

Why is this step necessary? Embroidery machines can’t read standard image files like JPG or PNG. Instead, they require specific file formats such as .DST (for Tajima), .PES (for Brother), or .JEF (for Janome). Each format contains instructions on stitch types, directions, colors, and sequencing. Without proper digitization, your machine would be lost—like trying to follow a map in a foreign language.

Digitizing can be done manually, where you assign every stitch, or automatically, using software’s auto-digitize features. Manual digitizing offers greater control and is preferred for complex or detailed designs, while auto-digitizing is handy for simple artwork or quick turnarounds.

Key Takeaway:

Digitizing is all about translating your vision into a language your embroidery machine understands. Mastering the basics—file formats, stitch types, and sequencing—sets the stage for flawless embroidery.

2.2 Core Conversion Process: From Design to Stitches

Ready to turn your design into stitches? Here’s a step-by-step workflow that works across most embroidery digitizing software, including embroidery machine software like Embird, Embrilliance, and Hatch:

1. Open Your Design File

Start by launching your chosen digitizing software. Import your artwork (JPG, PNG, SVG, etc.) using the “Open Design” function. Make sure your file is saved locally—editing from USB drives or cloud storage can sometimes cause issues.

2. Review and Adjust the Design

Before converting, review your design. Do you want to tweak the size, adjust the placement, or clean up any stray pixels? Now’s the time. You’ll also want to set the correct hoop size and ensure your design fits within its boundaries.

3. Assign Stitch Types and Parameters

This is where the magic happens. Choose appropriate stitch types for each part of your design:

• Running Stitch: Great for outlines and fine details.
• Satin Stitch: Perfect for borders and lettering.
• Fill Stitch: Best for covering large areas.

Adjust stitch density, direction, and underlay to suit your fabric and desired look. Think of underlays as the “structure” of your embroidery—like the framework of a house—providing stability and preventing puckering.

4. Convert to the Target File Format

Once satisfied, initiate the conversion process. Select the file format compatible with your embroidery machine (.DST, .PES, .JEF, etc.). Save the file to your preferred location.

5. Test and Refine

Transfer the file to your embroidery machine and run a test stitch on scrap fabric. This step is crucial—sometimes, what looks perfect on screen needs a few tweaks in real thread.

Software-Specific Tips:

• Embird: Use the “Convert Files” menu for batch conversions.
• Embrilliance Essentials: Open, edit, and save in multiple formats with a user-friendly interface.
• Hatch: Take advantage of auto-fabric adjustment and built-in design libraries.

Pro Tip:

Preview your design in the software’s stitch simulator to catch potential issues before you hit “save.” This can save you time, thread, and frustration down the line.

2.3 Essential Techniques for Clean Results

Achieving crisp, professional embroidery isn’t just about pushing a button—it’s about mastering a few essential techniques:

1. Choose the Right Stitch Types

Running, satin, and fill stitches each have their strengths. Use running stitches for outlines, satin for borders or text, and fill for solid areas. Mixing these wisely adds texture and dimension.

2. Adjust Density Thoughtfully

Too much density can cause puckering or thread breaks; too little, and your fabric peeks through. Adjust density based on fabric type—denser for sturdy materials, lighter for stretchy or delicate fabrics.

3. Compensate for Distortion

Fabrics move as they’re stitched. Use “push and pull compensation” in your software to anticipate and correct for this, ensuring your design looks as intended.

4. Manage Colors and Sequencing

Plan your color changes and stitch order to minimize unnecessary jumps and trims. Efficient sequencing not only saves time but also results in cleaner, more professional embroidery.

5. Always Test Stitch

Before embroidering your final piece, run a test on scrap fabric. This reveals issues with density, color, or alignment—giving you a chance to adjust and perfect your file.

6. Avoid Gradients and Tiny Details

Embroidery works best with solid colors and bold shapes. Gradients and intricate details can get lost in the stitching. Simplify artwork for the cleanest results.

Analogy:

Think of digitizing like building a house: underlays are your foundation, stitches are your walls, and color changes are the finishing touches. Every detail matters for a strong, beautiful result.

3. Top Software Tools for Embroidery Digitizing

Choosing the right software is like picking the perfect set of tools for your craft—each offers unique features, pricing, and learning curves. Here’s a breakdown to help you find your fit, whether you’re a beginner, hobbyist, or professional.

3.1 Professional & Mid-Range Solutions

Wilcom Embroidery Studio

• Who’s it for? Commercial shops and professionals needing advanced editing and CorelDRAW integration.
• Features: Precision vector support, realistic color blending, and compatibility with PES embroidery software formats.
• Considerations: Premium price and steep learning curve.

Tajima DG/ML by Pulse

• Who’s it for? Fashion/textile industry pros and large-scale operations.
• Features: Specialized tools for apparel production and flexible workflows.
• Considerations: Pricing requires direct inquiry; tailored for industrial use.

Hatch Embroidery (by Wilcom)

• Who’s it for? Small businesses and advanced hobbyists seeking pro features without the pro price.
• Features: Robust auto-digitizing, Color PhotoStitch, auto-fabric adjustment, and Hatch Academy learning resources.
• Pricing: Subscription model (starting at $1.50/day), 30-day free trial, available for Windows and Mac.

Chroma (by Ricoma)

• Who’s it for? Ricoma machine users and those who want scalable features.
• Features: Auto-digitizing, tiered learning (Inspire, Plus, Luxe), cloud-based access, and strong integration with Ricoma machines.
• Pricing: Three tiers from $599 to $1,999.

Quick Comparison Table:

3.2 Free and Budget-Friendly Options

Ink/Stitch (Open-Source)

• Who’s it for? Budget-conscious users and those comfortable with open-source platforms.
• Features: Runs as an Inkscape extension, offers multiple stitch types, supports .PES, .DST, and more. Active community and regular updates.
• Considerations: Steeper learning curve for non-tech users; requires Inkscape installation.

My Editor

• Who’s it for? Beginners wanting to view and edit embroidery files.
• Features: Free, supports many formats, allows resizing, rotating, and color editing.

Embrilliance Essentials

• Who’s it for? Beginners and hobbyists seeking simplicity and modular pricing.
• Features: BX font system, easy interface, strong support, works on Mac and Windows.
• Considerations: Lacks advanced auto-digitizing; best for basic editing and lettering.

Other Notables:

• Sophio: Simple design tools for beginners.
• Stitch Era Universal (Free version): Offers editing and basic digitizing.
• Wilcom TrueSizer: Free for viewing, resizing, and converting files.

3.3 Software Comparison: Embrilliance vs. Hatch

Ease of Use:

• Embrilliance: Beginner-friendly, modular pricing, intuitive interface. Great for those just starting or focusing on lettering and simple edits.
• Hatch: More advanced, with a steeper learning curve but robust features for both manual and auto-digitizing.

Auto-Digitizing Capabilities:

• Hatch: Strong auto-digitizing and photo tools, ideal for users wanting to automate parts of the process.
• Embrilliance: Limited auto-digitizing; focuses more on editing and file management.

Cost-Effectiveness:

• Embrilliance: Pay only for what you need, making it affordable for hobbyists.
• Hatch: Subscription model is flexible for growing businesses or those wanting to try before committing.

Recommendation:

• Hatch is perfect for professionals and those aiming to scale up.
• Embrilliance is ideal for hobbyists, beginners, and anyone wanting to start small and expand as needed.

Curious which software suits your style?

If you’re just starting, try free options like Ink/Stitch or Embrilliance Express. For growing businesses, Hatch’s trial lets you explore advanced tools risk-free. And if you’re ready to go pro, Wilcom and Tajima offer unmatched precision—just be prepared for a learning curve.

Ready to digitize your first design? Download a free trial, follow the steps above, and watch your creativity come to life—one stitch at a time!

4. Best Practices for High-Quality Embroidery

Achieving professional, eye-catching embroidery isn’t just about having the right design or software—it’s about mastering the best practices that ensure every stitch lands perfectly. Let’s break down the essentials, from sidestepping common pitfalls to optimizing your workflow for flawless results.

4.1 Avoiding Common Mistakes

Embroidery digitizing is full of subtle traps that can turn a masterpiece into a mess. Here’s how to dodge the most notorious mistakes:

1. Taming Jump Stitches

Jump stitches—the loose threads that connect design elements—are notorious for wasting thread, increasing production time, and leaving unsightly marks. Instead of letting your machine hop around like a distracted tourist, plan your design’s connections so the needle travels efficiently. Think of it like planning highway exits: the fewer unnecessary detours, the smoother the journey.

• Pro Tip: Sequence your design to minimize jumps and trims. Whenever possible, connect elements directly without sacrificing design integrity.

2. Mastering Density

Stitch density is the Goldilocks zone of embroidery—too dense and you’ll get puckering or thread breaks; too sparse and the fabric peeks through. For standard 4x4" designs, aim to keep the stitch count under 15,000.

• Fabric Matters: Stretch fabrics need lighter designs and reduced density, while denim or heavy textiles can handle more robust stitching. Adjust your machine settings and stabilizers accordingly.

3. Sequencing and Alignment

Misaligned embroidery often traces back to poor sequencing. Always digitize with your garment and fabric type in mind. For example, embroidering on a t-shirt is a different beast than working on a cap—each requires tailored sequencing to avoid distortion.

4. Don’t Rely Solely on Auto-Digitizing

Auto-digitizing features in software are tempting, but they’re best for simple designs. Complex artwork demands manual finesse to avoid hidden mistakes that only reveal themselves after stitching.

5. Test, Test, Test

Before you commit to a final piece, always run a test stitch on scrap fabric. This is your dress rehearsal—catching density issues, color mishaps, or misalignments before the main event.

6. Mind Your Angles

Vary stitch angles within your design to prevent pulling and add texture. This not only strengthens your embroidery but also gives it visual interest.

By keeping these do’s and don’ts front and center, you’ll sidestep the most common digitizing disasters and set yourself up for embroidery success.

4.2 Design Optimization Strategies

Want your embroidery to look sharp and stitch smoothly? It all starts with smart design choices:

1. Simplify Artwork

High-quality source art is your best friend. Use clean, high-resolution images and simplify complex designs by reducing the number of colors and eliminating unnecessary details. Embroidery isn’t a photo—avoid gradients and tiny elements that can get lost in translation.

2. Transparency and Backgrounds

Always use transparent backgrounds in your design files. Otherwise, you might accidentally digitize the entire background as stitches—turning a simple logo into a thread-hungry monster.

3. Respect Size Constraints

• Line Thickness: Keep all lines at least 0.05" thick (about 4pt) to ensure they show up cleanly.
• Text Size: Minimum height should be 0.3" for uppercase and 0.25" for lowercase letters.
• Stitch Count: Stay under 15,000 stitches for a 4x4" area to avoid “bulletproof” designs that are stiff and uncomfortable.

4. Avoid Overly Dense Designs

Too much density can make your embroidery feel like armor. Instead, optimize for the fabric and the end use—lighter, more open designs are often more comfortable and visually appealing.

5. Color Management

Choose thread colors that match your original artwork and complement the fabric. Limit your palette to what your machine can handle (typically up to six colors), and avoid gradients for the cleanest results.

6. Plan for Fabric Type

Adapt your digitizing for the fabric you’re using. For stretch fabrics, use lighter density and appropriate stabilizers; for heavy materials like denim, opt for stronger needles and multiple stabilizer layers.

By following these strategies, you’ll create embroidery files that not only look great on screen but also stitch out beautifully in the real world.

4.3 Workflow Efficiency with Magnetic Hooping

If you’re still wrangling with traditional plastic hoops, you’re missing out on one of the biggest embroidery game-changers: magnetic hooping. Enter MaggieFrame magnetic embroidery hoops—a revolution for garment embroidery.

Why Go Magnetic?

• Speed: MaggieFrame’s powerful magnets cut hooping time by up to 90%. What used to take three minutes now takes just thirty seconds. Imagine what you could do with all that extra time!
• Even Tension, Every Time: The magnetic system automatically adapts to different fabric thicknesses, delivering uniform tension across your garment. This means fewer misaligned stitches and less fabric waste.
• Built-In Alignment Guides: No more guesswork—MaggieFrame hoops feature reference lines that make it easy to align your fabric and design precisely.
• Versatility: Whether you’re working with delicate silks or thick towels, MaggieFrame’s magnets hold everything securely in place—no manual adjustments or screw-twisting required.
• Ergonomic and User-Friendly: Quick installation and removal reduce operator fatigue, making high-volume production less of a chore and more of a breeze.

Real-World Impact:

For busy embroidery shops or anyone tackling large orders, MaggieFrame hoops are a productivity powerhouse. The reduction in setup time, combined with more consistent results, means you can focus on creativity instead of troubleshooting.

Ready to Upgrade?

Switching to MaggieFrame magnetic hoops isn’t just about saving time—it’s about elevating your entire embroidery workflow. Once you experience the speed and reliability, you’ll wonder how you ever managed without them.

5. Budget-Friendly Digitizing Solutions

Embroidery digitizing doesn’t have to break the bank. Whether you’re a hobbyist, a startup, or just testing the waters, there are plenty of ways to get started without a hefty investment. Let’s explore the most accessible options for every budget.

5.1 Free Software and Trials

Ink/Stitch:

This open-source powerhouse is built as an extension for Inkscape, making it a favorite for beginners and pros alike. Ink/Stitch offers free machine embroidery designs and auto-digitizing from vector images:

• Auto-digitizing from vector images (SVG files)
• Customizable stitch types (satin, running, fill, and more)
• Support for a wide range of file formats (PES, DST, EXP, VP3)
• Active community support and regular updates

My Editor:

A user-friendly free tool designed for viewing and editing embroidery files. With My Editor, you can:

• Edit, resize, and rotate designs
• Preview stitch-outs
• Tweak colors and basic elements

Free Trials of Paid Software:

• SewWhat-Pro: Offers a 30-day free trial with the ability to save designs up to three colors—perfect for editing and customizing existing files.
• SewArt: Best for converting simple clip-art images into embroidery files. Its free trial is ideal for beginners but limited for complex projects.
• Embird: Try the demo for 30 days or 100 runs. Note: file saving is restricted in the trial version.

Pro Tip:

Take advantage of free trials before investing in paid software. This lets you test features, compatibility, and ease of use—no buyer’s remorse required!

Quick Comparison Table:

*Paid after trial ends.

With these tools, you can digitize, edit, and experiment with embroidery design—without spending a dime upfront.

5.2 Low-Cost Techniques Without Outsourcing

Not ready to invest in software? You can still digitize creatively using manual, budget-friendly methods:

1. Graph Paper Planning

Sketch your design on graph paper to map out stitch placement, color changes, and sequencing. It’s a tactile way to visualize your embroidery before digitizing.

2. Lightbox Tracing

Use a lightbox (or even a sunny window) to trace designs onto stabilizer or fabric. This old-school technique is perfect for simple, hand-guided machine embroidery.

3. Repurpose Household Tools

Get creative with what you have—rulers, fabric markers, and even kitchen gadgets can help with alignment and spacing.

4. Tap Into Community Resources

Online forums, especially those dedicated to Ink/Stitch, are goldmines for troubleshooting, tips, and free tutorials. Don’t hesitate to ask questions—most embroidery communities are incredibly supportive.

By combining these manual techniques with free or trial software, you can start digitizing embroidery files on a shoestring budget—no outsourcing required.

6. Beginner Resources for Getting Started

Embroidery digitizing can seem intimidating, but with the right resources, anyone can get started—no experience required. Here’s your launchpad to mastering the basics and building confidence, one stitch at a time.

6.1 Essential Tools and Learning Paths

Beginner-Friendly Software:

• Embrilliance Express: A free, beginner-focused tool that lets you use BX fonts, create custom lettering, and perform basic edits. Available for both Mac and Windows, it’s a great way to dip your toes into digitizing without a big commitment.

Hardware Essentials:

• A best beginner embroidery machine and other tools
• A computer with internet access
• A USB drive (for transferring designs)
• Stabilizers, needles, and thread suited to your chosen fabric

Stitch-Type Fundamentals:

Start with the three core stitch types:

• Running Stitch: Ideal for outlines and fine details.
• Satin Stitch: Perfect for smooth lines, borders, and text.
• Fill Stitch: Covers larger areas with texture and durability.

Learning Path:

• Begin with one-color designs—they’re easier to digitize and stitch, allowing you to focus on mastering technique.
• Practice creating and sequencing running, satin, and fill stitches before tackling more complex projects.

By focusing on these essentials, you’ll build a solid foundation for all your future embroidery adventures.

6.2 Step-by-Step Tutorials for Novices

Ready to learn by doing? Here are some of the best free and paid resources to guide your journey:

Free Resources:

• Embrilliance’s YouTube Classes: Lisa Shaw’s beginner digitizing class walks you through the basics, from software tools to step-by-step digitizing of simple designs. Includes practice images, handouts, and finished design libraries for hands-on learning.
• Ink/Stitch Tutorials: YouTube videos like “2 Ways to Digitize CUSTOM Images for EMBROIDERY” demonstrate free, cross-platform workflows from image to machine-ready file.
• Embroidery Legacy’s Digitizing 101: A comprehensive video course covering everything from stitch types to density and underlay, with practice files and clear explanations.

Paid Learning Options:

• Hatch’s Beginner Workshop: For those seeking a structured, in-depth experience, Hatch offers a $300 workshop (free for Digitizer 3 owners) with 40+ lessons, 38 practice images, and 28 hands-on exercises. Each lesson builds on the last, ensuring you never feel lost.

Learning Tips:

• Follow a step-by-step approach: understand the basics, get comfortable with your software, and practice with simple projects before moving on.
• Study completed designs and practice files to see how professionals structure their work.
• Take advantage of video tutorials—rewind, pause, and replay as needed to truly absorb each technique.

With these resources, you’ll move from beginner to confident digitizer—one lesson, one stitch, one project at a time.

Ready to put thread to fabric? Start with these best practices, budget-friendly tools, and beginner resources, and you’ll be well on your way to embroidery mastery—without breaking the bank or losing your creative spark.

7. Troubleshooting Common Digitizing Issues

Embroidery digitizing is as much an art as it is a science—and even seasoned pros run into technical snags. Whether you’re battling mysterious file errors, machine hiccups, or fabric that just won’t cooperate, the right troubleshooting approach can save your project (and your sanity). Let’s dig into the most common digitizing issues and how to fix them.

7.1 Fixing File Format and Compatibility Errors

File format headaches are the silent saboteurs of embroidery production. With a jungle of embroidery file formats like .DST, .PES, .EXP, and .JEF—compatibility can derail even the best designs.

1. Format Conversion Pitfalls

Converting between formats isn’t always seamless. For example, moving a complex design from .PES (Brother) to .DST (Tajima) can strip away color changes or scramble stitch sequences. The solution? Use robust conversion tools like Embird Studio, which is known for supporting over 70 formats and maintaining stitch integrity during conversion. Always convert from a higher-function format (like .PES) to a lower-function one (like .DST), not the other way around, to minimize data loss.

2. File Corruption During Transfer

Ever had a design file mysteriously refuse to open after moving it via USB or network? Corruption during transfer is common. Prevent this by verifying files with checksum tools and, when in doubt, stick to .DST as your "lowest common denominator" for maximum reliability. Before loading onto your machine, always test files in simulation software to catch issues early.

3. Version Incompatibility

Newer digitizing software can create files that older machines simply can’t read. Most professional software, like Wilcom and Hatch, lets you save in legacy formats—Hatch even offers machine-specific optimization. If you’re running machines older than five years, expect to hit version snags; keeping a "firmware compatibility matrix" for your gear is a smart move.

4. Machine-Specific Stitch Parameters

Some designs digitized for industrial machines won’t run on home models due to differing maximum stitch lengths or color handling. Use machine-specific templates in your software, and always double-check your design’s specs against your machine’s capabilities.

Quick Troubleshooting Checklist:

• Verify digitizing quality first—don’t blame the machine until you’ve checked the file.
• Confirm file format matches your machine’s requirements.
• Validate stitch parameters (length, color changes, design size).
• Test in simulation before production.

By following these steps, you’ll spend less time troubleshooting and more time stitching.

7.2 Fabric-Specific Solutions

Fabrics can be unpredictable—stretchy knits pucker, denim breaks needles, and delicate sheers distort at the slightest provocation. Here’s how to outsmart the most common fabric challenges:

1. Tackling Puckering

Puckering—those unsightly ripples—often comes from excessive stitch density or poor underlay, not just tension issues. For stretch fabrics, reduce density and use underlay stitches tailored to the material (e.g., 2.2–2.5mm for knits). Push-pull compensation is your friend: set it higher for stretchy fabrics to offset distortion.

2. Preventing Needle Breaks

Heavy fabrics like denim or canvas can snap needles if your settings aren’t dialed in. Switch to sharp, sturdy needles and increase stitch density by 10–15%. For thick materials, use longer jump stitches and reinforce with extra underlay.

3. Mastering Distortion Control

Distortion sneaks in when fabric shifts during stitching. Use frequent tack-down stitches and adjust compensation based on fabric weight—5–7% for medium, 8–10% for stretch, and 3–5% for heavy fabrics. For delicate materials, slow your machine speed by 25–30% and use specialized stabilizers.

4. Universal Stability with MaggieFrame Magnetic Hoops

No matter your fabric, stable hooping is crucial. MaggieFrame magnetic embroidery hoops are engineered for garment embroidery and excel at holding everything from fine silks to thick towels securely in place. Their powerful magnets automatically adapt to fabric thickness, ensuring even tension and minimizing misalignment or puckering. With compatibility across 200+ machine models, MaggieFrame hoops offer a universal solution for fabric challenges, letting you focus on creativity instead of constant adjustments.

Pro Tip:

Always test your design on scrap fabric of the same type before final production. This "dress rehearsal" can reveal density, tension, or alignment issues unique to your chosen material.

In Summary:

Troubleshooting embroidery digitizing isn’t about chasing ghosts—it’s about methodically checking files, machines, and fabrics. With the right tools, a systematic approach, and reliable accessories like MaggieFrame hoops, you’ll conquer common issues and deliver flawless results every time.

8. Conclusion

Embroidery digitizing doesn’t have to be intimidating. Start simple, focus on mastering stitch quality, and take advantage of free tools and resources. Remember to always test your designs before production and keep troubleshooting protocols handy for unexpected hiccups. With practice and the right support, you’ll soon turn creative ideas into beautifully stitched reality. Ready to level up your embroidery game? Dive into the resources, experiment boldly, and let your creativity shine—one stitch at a time.

9. FAQ

9.1 Q: Can I digitize embroidery files with free software?

A: Yes! Free tools like Ink/Stitch (an open-source extension for Inkscape) and My Editor let you create and edit embroidery files in popular formats like .PES and .DST. These are great starting points for beginners and hobbyists.

9.2 Q: Why does embroidery digitizing software cost so much?

A: Advanced digitizing software is expensive because it packs in powerful features, frequent updates, and specialized support. These tools offer precise stitch control, auto-digitizing, simulation, and compatibility with a wide range of machines—essential for professionals and high-volume users.

9.3 Q: How do I fix misaligned stitches in my embroidery?

A: Misaligned stitches often result from incorrect sequencing in your digitized file. Double-check the stitch order, adjust sequencing in your software, and always test your design on scrap fabric before final production. This helps catch and correct alignment issues early.